On June 20, 2019, plaintiff Alejandro Castro, a 24-year-old unemployed man, was driving in Ventura. His vehicle’s rear end was struck by a trailing vehicle that was being driven by Jeffrey Feliciano. Castro claimed that he suffered an injury of his back. Castro sued Feliciano and the owner of Jeffrey Feliciano’s vehicle, John Feliciano. The lawsuit alleged that Jeffrey Feliciano was negligent in the operation of his vehicle. The lawsuit further alleged that John Feliciano was vicariously liable for Jeffrey Feliciano’s actions. John Feliciano died after the lawsuit had been filed. The matter proceeded against Jeffrey Feliciano. Defense counsel conceded liability. The matter proceeded to damages., During the day that followed the accident, Castro visited a hospital. He claimed that he was suffering pain related to the accident. He underwent minor treatment. Castro ultimately claimed that he suffered a herniation of his L5-S1 intervertebral disc. He underwent chiropractic treatment, and he was administered epidural injections of steroid-based painkillers, but he claimed that he suffered ongoing pain related to the accident. He later underwent a microdiscectomy: minimally invasive surgery that involved excision of a portion of his L5-S1 disc. He subsequently underwent implantation of a neurostimulator: a device that provides pain-relieving stimulation of spinal nerves. Castro claimed that he suffers residual pain and limitations. He claimed that he requires 18 to 20 sessions of physical therapy, two to three times a year. He sought recovery of past and future medical expenses, and he sought recovery of damages for past and future pain and suffering.