On Sept. 7, 2017, plaintiff Claudia Munoz, 42, a housekeeper, was driving in Los Angeles. While her vehicle was stopped, its rear end was struck by a trailing vehicle that was being driven by Margaret Neilson. Munoz claimed that she suffered of her back and neck. Munoz sued Neilson. The lawsuit alleged that Neilson was negligent in the operation of her vehicle. Defense counsel conceded liability. The matter proceeded to damages., Neilson was transported to a hospital. She claimed that her back and neck were painful. She underwent minor treatment. Neilson ultimately claimed that she suffered a herniation of her L3-4 intervertebral disc. She underwent implantation of a neurostimulator: a device that provides pain-relieving stimulation of spinal nerves. Neilson claimed that she suffers residual pain and limitations, though she continues to work. She also claimed that her neurostimulator will require periodic replacement of its batteries. Neilson sought recovery of past and future medical expenses, and she sought recovery of damages for past and future pain and suffering.