At approximately 2:25 p.m. on April 23, 2009, plaintiff Tammra Borrall, 44, a real estate agent, was driving east on State Route 12 in an unincorporated area of Sonoma County when she was involved in a head-on collision near Dunbar Road. She was struck by a vehicle that was operated by Renee Simone, who was attempting a left turn from the side of the road onto westbound SR-12. Borrall claimed to her neck, back and chest. Borrall sued Simone. She alleged the defendant was negligent in the operation of her vehicle. Simone admitted liability, and the matter proceeded to a trial on causation and damages., Borrall was taken from the scene of the accident by ambulance and presented to an emergency room, where she complained of neck and back pain, as well as a bruised chest. She followed up with a family practitioner at Kaiser and was diagnosed with soft-tissue . Borrall subsequently underwent 38 chiropractic treatments and massages to treat his . Borrall claimed that as a result of the accident, she could not work for periods of time and missed a phone call from a client that caused her to lose $12,675 in commission. She also claimed that while she healed from her , she is now restricted from hiking and other strenuous physical activity. Thus, Borrall sought recovery of $11,300 in damages for past medical costs, $12,675 in damages for past lost earnings, and $20,000 in damages for her pain and suffering. Defense counsel argued that Borrall did not sustain serious and that her treatment was excessive. Counsel contended that the plaintiff’s treatment should have been limited to eight chiropractic visits, in addition to the E.R. and Kaiser visits. Thus, defense counsel asked that the jury award Borrall $11,824.66 in total damages, including $1,400 for one week of lost earnings and up to $5,000 for pain and suffering.