Beginning in July 2005 plaintiff John Villa Jr., an inmate at the Pelican Bay State Prison in Crescent City, when he had an adverse reaction to the medication he was prescribed. Villa sued doctors employed at the prison, Dr. Linda Rowe, Dr. Bhawana Jain and Dr. Jennifer Swiney; as well as seven other doctors, nurses and prison officials. He alleged that the defendants violated his Eighth Amendment rights. Swiney settled prior to trial for a confidential amount and several other defendants were dismissed prior to trial. Thus, the matter proceeded to trial against Rowe and Jain only. Villa claimed the doctors at the prison failed to properly diagnose and treat his cardiac condition. He alleged that he was prescribed medication that caused him to have an adverse reaction and that he was subsequently denied needed medications. Rowe and Jain denied violating Villa’s Eighth Amendment rights, and claimed that the plaintiff’s care and treatment was appropriate. In addition, defense counsel presented records that showed that Villa’s medication was changed after he complained of adverse reactions and testing was performed., Villa claimed significant pain and permanent liver damage as a result of being prescribed the improper medication. He also claimed that he was put at an increased his risk of heart attack and stroke. Thus, Villa sought recovery of damages as a result of Rowe’s and Jain’s deliberate indifference to his medical needs. Defense counsel disputed the plaintiff’s alleged damages, arguing that Villa had presented no evidence of liver damage.