In August 2014, plaintiff Jose Becerra, a mechanical laborer in his 20s, was driving in Oakland with plaintiff Juan Navarro, also a mechanical laborer in his 20s, as a front seat passenger. As they entered an intersection, the front left side of their vehicle was struck by a vehicle operated by Maribel Munoz-Lopez, who was attempting a left turn in front of them. Munoz-Lopez’s vehicle sustained $5,200 in property damage, Becerra claimed to his neck and back, and Navarro claimed to his back. Becerra and Navarro sued Munoz-Lopez, alleging that Munoz-Lopez was negligent in the operation of her vehicle. Specifically, they claimed that Munoz-Lopez was negligent for failing to yield the right of way and making an unsafe left turn. Munoz-Lopez conceded liability., After the collision, Becerra and Navarro were not taken to a hospital. Instead, they both sought chiropractic care a few weeks later. Becerra claimed he sustained facet joint hypertrophy to the cervical and lumbar regions. He subsequently underwent six months of chiropractic care, resulting in $7,742 in past medical costs. As a physical laborer who did mechanic work, Becerra claimed that his caused difficulties with work. However, he did not have full-time employment at the time of the collision. Navarro claimed he sustained a lumbar disc herniation. He also underwent six months of chiropractic care, resulting in $12,560 in past medical costs. As a physical laborer who did mechanic work, like Becerra, Navarro claimed that he also had difficulties with work as a result of his injury. However, he also did not have full-time employment at the time of the collision. Defense counsel asserted that the plaintiffs’ chiropractic care was excessive and that both Becerra and Navarro should have healed within a month or two.