On July 5, 2015, plaintiff Luis Carillo, 33, a surgical technician, was driving in Lynwood. When he entered the intersection of Beechwood Avenue and Elm Street, his vehicle was broadsided by a vehicle operated by Luis Flores. Carillo claimed to his lower back. Carillo sued Flores, alleging that Flores was negligent in the operation of his vehicle. Flores admitted liability for the accident., Carillo claimed that he suffered an aggravation of a herniated lumbar disc as a result of the accident. He was taken by ambulance to a hospital and missed two days of work as a surgical technician. After being discharged from the hospital, Carillo underwent four chiropractic sessions over the course of two weeks between July 7, 2014 and July 21, 2015. He also had an initial pain management consultation on July 15, 2015 and followed up with a different pain management doctor in October 2015. Carillo ultimately underwent an epidural injection to his lumbar spine on Oct. 30, 2015 and then a second lumbar epidural injection on Dec. 16, 2015. He then underwent three sessions of physical therapy in February 2016. Carillo claimed that he has no permanent residual but that he will require four to six chiropractic/physical therapy visits a year, as needed. Defense counsel disputed the severity of the impact, and the nature and extent of Carillo’s . Counsel argued that the accident was not a substantial factor in causing or aggravating Carillo’s alleged . Counsel also argued that some of Carillo’s medical treatment was not necessary, such as his treatment with an anesthesiologist and the epidural injections that were administered. In addition, defense counsel argued that the alleged cost of Carillo’s medical treatments was unreasonable.