On March 17, 2010, plaintiff Sevak Shirvanian, 23, a store stock person, was driving his Honda Civic on eastbound State Route 134 in Glendale when he was rear-ended by a Honda Accord operated by Robert English. Shirvanian’s vehicle then spun around to the left about 110 degrees before the front of the vehicle hit a retaining wall for a high-occupancy vehicle lane. He claimed to his back. Shirvanian sued English, alleging the defendant was negligent in the operation of his vehicle. English conceded liability., Shirvanian claimed he suffered an annular tear and disc protrusions mainly in the thoracic and cervical spine. He did not go to a hospital after the accident, but began treatment the next day once he realized he was symptomatic. As a result, Shirvanian underwent chiropractic care, an orthopedic evaluation (costing approximately $12,000 for different MRIs), and one trapezial trigger-point injection. Shirvanian claimed that despite treatment, he still experiences major pain in his cervical spine. He alleged that as a result, he necessitates additional pain management, including epidural injections in his cervical spine or thoracic spine. Shirvanian, who moved to the United States from Iran five years ago, was a store stock person at the time of the accident, making part time/minimum wage. He claimed that at some point after the accident, his work became too physically strenuous for him, so he quit the job. However, he acknowledged that he has not looked for anything less taxing since leaving his prior job. Plaintiff’s counsel noted that in August 2012, after the subject accident, Shirvanian had an intervening motorcycle accident wherein he broke his elbow, had an L5 compression fracture and a bilateral pelvic fracture. However, the plaintiff’sorthopedic surgery expert illustrated to the jury that different areas of Shirvanian’s body were affected by the subject injury, as opposed to the subsequent motorcycle accident. Thus, Shirvanian sought recovery of $24,000 in pre-trial medical costs, $7,200 in property damage to his car, and an unspecified amount for his pain and suffering. No past or future lost income was claimed. Defense counsel disputed the nature and extent of Shirvanian’s . The defense’s expert orthopedic surgeon opined that Shirvanian’s alleged disc were degenerative and not caused by the 2010 accident.