On Feb. 4, 2019, plaintiff Ronald Cardenas, 67, a retiree, was driving on Five Canyons Parkway, in an unincorporated area of Alameda County. His vehicle collided with a vehicle operated by Jorge Maldonado Jr. and a vehicle operated by Anthony Boragno. Cardenas’ vehicle was broadsided by Maldonado’s vehicle and rear-ended by Boragno’s vehicle, but it was disputed which occurred first. Cardenas claimed to his neck, chest and a leg. Cardenas sued Maldonado; the co-owner of Maldonado’s vehicle, Theresa Maldonado; Boragno; and the owners of Boragno’s vehicle, Manette Boragno and Richard Boragno. Cardenas alleged that Jorge Maldonado and Anthony Boragno were negligent in the operation of their respective vehicles. Cardenas also alleged that Theresa Maldonado was vicariously liable for Jorge Maldonado’s actions and that Manette Boragno and Richard Boragno were vicariously liable for Anthony Boragno’s actions. Cardenas claimed that his vehicle was broadsided by Jorge Maldonado’s vehicle and that his vehicle was then rear-ended by Anthony Boragno’s vehicle. Cardenas contended that both defendant drivers were negligent and liable for the accident. Maldonado and Boragno each blamed the other for causing the accident., Cardenas suffered fractures of his C6 and C7 vertebrae. He also suffered a fracture of his right leg’s femur, rib fractures and a splenic laceration, and he developed a neurogenic bowel and bladder. Cardenas was taken to a hospital, and he ultimately underwent surgeries. However, he was left partially paralyzed. He claimed that he suffers partial quadriplegia. Cardenas sought recovery of past and future medical costs, and he sought recovery of damages for past and future pain and suffering. Defense counsel disputed the nature and extent of Cardenas’ alleged .