On July 22, 2009, plaintiff Edward Osmun, 58, a Super Shuttle Driver, was driving his 2007 Chevy Van north on Route 101 in San Francisco County. When he was near the exit for Cesar Chavez Street, his vehicle was rear-ended by a 2001 Toyota Corolla operated by Melissa Land. Osmun claimed to his neck and back. Osmun sued Land, alleging the defendant was negligent in the operation of her vehicle. Specifically, Osmun claimed that Land failed to keep a proper lookout and stop before rear-ending his vehicle. Land did not dispute liability for having caused the accident., Osmun claimed to his neck and back as a result of the accident. He subsequently drove himself to the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Martinez, where he underwent X-rays, range of motion tests and a CT scan. He also received localized injections. Osmun claimed his pain continues, causing him difficulty standing or sitting for prolonged periods of time and difficulty performing regular household activities. He also claimed he missed time from work as a result of his . Thus, Osmun sought recovery of damages for his past and future medical expenses, past and future loss of earnings, past and future loss of household services, and past and future pain and suffering. His wife, Nancy Osmun, sought recovery of damages for her loss of consortium. Defense counsel argued that Mr. Osmun was not injured or damaged to the extent he claimed. Thus, counsel disputed the amount of damages alleged by the plaintiffs.