On Oct. 12, 2010, plaintiff Dennis Gorgolinski, 71, a retiree, was driving on Veterans Boulevard in Redwood City. While stopped for a red light, Gorgolinski was rear-ended by a sport utility vehicle operated by Emilie Brooks. Gorgolinski claimed to his neck and lower back. Gorgolinski sued Brooks and her husband, Gordon Brooks, the owner of the vehicle. Gorgolinski alleged that Mrs. Brooks was negligent in the operation of her vehicle and that Mr. Brooks was vicariously liable for his wife’s actions. The defendants admitted liability for the accident., On the day after the accident, Gorgolinski went to a chiropractor with neck and lower back complaints. He had been seeing the chiropractor for lower back pain prior to the accident and continued treating through February 2011. He then followed up with physical therapy in February and March 2011. Gorgolinski claimed he experiences minor residual right hip and leg pain, which he associated with the subject accident. However, he claimed he has been able to return to his normal pre-accident activities. Thus, Gorgolinski sought recovery of $6,269 in past medical costs and unspecified damages for his pain and suffering. Defense counsel contended that Gorgolinski’s chiropractic care was excessive and that Gorgolinski’s physical therapy was duplicative of his prior treatment.