On July 3, 2010, at approximately 9 p.m., plaintiff Majid Seyfi, 47, an attorney, was in the process of obtaining his jacket out of the back seat of his 2008 BMW X5 sport utility vehicle, which was stopped at the curb, near the valet booth in front of Red O Restaurant at 8155 Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles. As the valet driver drove the vehicle forward, it ran over Seyfi’s left foot. Seyfi sued United Valet Parking Inc., Red O Restaurant, Red O Melrose, LLC, and Red O Management, LLC. Seyfi alleged that the defendants’ valet driver was negligent in operation of the SUV and that the defendants were liable for the valet driver’s actions., Seyfi sustained a fracture of the big toe of his left foot. However, he was not treated at the scene or taken immediately to a hospital. He was later diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome, also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy or causalgia, a chronic pain condition, of his left foot and leg. Seyfi also suffered complications to his right foot, including a severe skin infection, which required antibiotics. Seyfi claimed that the CRPS and skin infection were each a result of the fracture he sustained as a result of the accident.