On March 20, 2015, plaintiff Bahram Ekbatani, 44, a taxi driver, was driving in Beverly Hills. His vehicle was struck by a vehicle operated by Zoe Zeidler, who lost control of her vehicle after striking another vehicle while attempting to make a U-turn from a curbside parking space. Zeidler’s vehicle rotated after the collision with the other vehicle and struck Ekbatani’s vehicle on the driver’s side. Ekbatani claimed that he suffered of his back and neck. Ekbatani sued Zeidler. The lawsuit alleged that Zeidler was negligent in the operation of her vehicle. Defense counsel conceded liability. The trial addressed damages., Ekbatani claimed that he suffered a herniation of his L4-5 intervertebral disc. He reported to a chiropractor with complaints of neck and lower back pain three days after the accident. He underwent chiropractic care and received injections to his neck, which allegedly resolved his neck pain. Ekbatani treated his lower back for about seven months and then stopped. He did not treat again until after a subsequent accident in February 2016. Ekbatani was able to return to work, but he claimed that sitting aggravates his lower back pain. He claimed that it was recommended that he undergo a lumbar discectomy in the future. Ekbatani sought recovery for his past and future medical costs, and for his past and future pain and suffering. Defense counsel disputed causation, as well as the reasonableness and necessity of Ekbatani’s medical treatment and expenses. Counsel noted that Ekbatani was previously involved in a motor-vehicle accident in May 2013 and a subsequent, more serious collision in February 2016. Thus, defense counsel argued that Ekbatani’s condition was caused by either, or both, of the other accidents.