On June 18, 2011, plaintiff Pedro Ramirez, 51, was slowing his vehicle down to turn into a driveway driving on First Street, in Santa Ana, when he was rear-ended by a vehicle operated by Rudy Murrietta. Ramirez claimed to his neck and back. Ramirez sued Murrietta, alleging the defendant was negligent in the operation of his vehicle. Specifically, Ramirez contended that Murrietta was driving while inattentive to the slowing traffic ahead. Murrietta admitted liability for the accident., On the day after the accident, Ramirez went to a chiropractor with complaints of neck and back pain. He was diagnosed with soft-tissue strains and sprains, and continued to treat with the chiropractor for roughly three months. Ramirez claimed he has healed from his and now has no significant residual symptoms. Thus, he sought recovery of $4,200 in past medical costs, and recovery of damages for his pain and suffering. Defense counsel initially acknowledged Ramirez’s treatment as reasonable, but ultimately argued that the chiropractic care was unreasonable and unnecessary.