On Aug. 22, 2010, at approximately 1:30 p.m., plaintiff Jeffrey Greenfield, 22, a college student, was driving a 2005 Acura on southbound Interstate 101 with his mother, plaintiff Maureen Greenfield, 55, in the front, passenger seat. When they were just north of the Rohnert Park Expressway, in Rohnert Park, their Acura was rear-ended by a vehicle operated by Marcelo Romero-Lopez. Police came to the scene, made a report, and left. Mr. and Ms. Greenfield both claimed to their back. Mr. and Ms. Greenfield sued Romero-Lopez, alleging that Romero-Lopez negligent in the operation of his vehicle. Romero-Lopez conceded liability, and the matter proceeded to an expedited jury trial., Ms. Greenfield claimed she suffered sprains and strains to her spine, but was able to drive back to Penryn on the day of the accident. She then received chiropractic care, which started on Aug. 25, 2010, and ended on or around April 8, 2011. She also underwent massage therapy. Thus, Ms. Greenfield sought recovery of $3,057.74 for the chiropractic care and $1,571 for the massage therapy. She also sought recovery of damages for her past pain and suffering. Mr. Greenfield also claimed sprains and strains to his spine. On Sept. 13, 2010, 22 days after the accident, Mr. Greenfield started chiropractic treatment. He ultimately had 35 chiropractic visits, which concluded on April 19, 2011. Thus, Mr. Greenfield sought recovery of $4,340 for his chiropractic care and an unspecified amount of damages for his past pain and suffering. The police report indicated minor damage to the Greenfield vehicle. A repair estimate prepared by a collision center in Rockland reflected a grand total of $1,004.35 in property damage, with the total cost of parts being $433.18. According to the estimate, the 2005 Acura driven required replacement of the bumper cover, left trim molding, energy absorber, right trim molding, and rear bumper clips. Defense counsel contended that there neither plaintiff reported at the scene of the accident and that photographs produced by plaintiffs’ counsel did not depict any perceptible damage to the vehicle. Defense counsel did not call any experts, but argued that the Greenfields were minimally injured, if at all, from the collision. Counsel even noted that in the summer of 2014, Mr. Greenfield went on a three-month backpacking trip to Asia.