On Jan. 1, 2011, plaintiff Maria Torres, an unemployed 40 year old, was driving on State Route 91 in Riverside when she exiting the highway and was rear-ended on the off-ramp by a vehicle operated by Patrick Childers. Torres claimed to her neck and back. Torres sued Childers. She alleged the defendant was negligent in the operation of his vehicle, causing the accident and her personal . Childers admitted liability for the accident., Torres received treatment from emergency medical services, but refused to be taken to a hospital. She then followed up with a chiropractor for treatment of soft-tissue strains and sprains of her neck and back. Torres claimed her have resolved with no major residuals. She claimed $3,000 in past medical costs, and sought damages for her out-of-pocket costs and prescriptions. Since Torres did not have insurance, she could not claim damages for her alleged pain and suffering. Defense counsel argued that Torres did not sustain any serious injury and that Torres overtreated with the chiropractor.