On Dec. 6, 2010, plaintiff William Aspinall, 16, a high school student at Vista Murrieta High School, was playing football in his physical education class when he accidentally ran into a member of his own team. Neither player in the collision was wearing a helmet or pads. William claimed he suffered a head injury. Cheryl Aspinall, acting as William’s guardian ad litem, sued Vista Murrieta High School, Murrieta Valley Unified School District, and William’s coach/instructor, Even Daarstad. Aspinall alleged that the defendants were negligent in the way they conducted the football game. Specifically, she alleged that the defendants negligently supervised the students, amongst other theories. Defense counsel contended that there was no negligence in the game of touch football and that William was injured accidentally as a result of a collision with a member of his team. Prior to trial, the court excluded all expert testimony regarding school supervision and football coaching., The trial was bifurcated, so damages were not before the court. William took an elbow to the head and hit the ground following the collision with his teammate. He was conscious, but allegedly dazed, after the accident and transported to the nurse’s office. He was then picked up by his mother and transported to a doctor. William claimed he suffered blunt-force trauma to his head, resulting in a grade 4 concussion. William claimed that he now suffers from post-concussion syndrome, resulting in constant headaches and migraines several times a week. He also claimed he suffers from memory loss, neck pain, narcolepsy, and insomnia. Defense counsel would have disputed William’s alleged .